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Paper – personally I hardly use it at all – it gets lost, it makes a massive mess, it isn’t searchable etc… Mostly I use it only when forced to fill in pointless forms, for reading information that companies send me in the post, and reading books in bed.
Since the advent of email, the internet, the paperless office etc… you would have thought that printing and paper usage would have decreased but actually it has consistently and dramatically increased (see this and this).
So what are people on? I suspect it’s a combination of

• Advertising by corporations with vested interests
• The fact that the techology has got a lot cheaper
• An attachment to tangibility – “if I can’t hold it in my hand, it’s not real”.

About the lobbying and advertising, there’s not a lot we can do, but as for the attachment to tangibility, I think we should try to get over it. I suspect that for most people a small change of attitude would be enough. It’s a habit acquired in childhood to think that the real information is what’s written on paper and what you see on the screen is somehow second rate and virtual. This really isn’t necessary and once you get used to it, it’s much easier to deal with things electronically. I admit that reading a book at bed-time is currently better with paper, but I’m talking more about the reams of paper we waste printing out documents at work, emails, photographs, newspapers etc…. etc…
Here’s some suggestions

• Try to move correspondence into electronic form. If someone asks you to send a document by mail or fax, ask them if a scan sent by email would do. If someone gives you a printed document for comment, ask them to give it to you electronically. This takes the content off the paper circuit and puts further correspondence about the matter into electronic form.
• Don’t write letters – it costs money and clutters the place up.
• Use commenting tools to exchange ideas and make suggestions live on the screen instead of writing things on a printout and then having to make changes to your docs a second time.
• Try to use online services like the inland revenue tax return system in the UK. No paper involved and you are guided through the irrelevant parts.
• use the google desktop search to find things electronically. It almost makes filing systems obselete as it’s so quick to find virtually any document you’ve written among 10’s of thousands.

What motivates human beings to start from a preconceived and possibly meaningless pseudo-premise and devote their whole life to trying to get others to agree it’s true? Let’s get some of these freaks (check out chapter 2) into the lab and see what makes them tick. We might find out something interesting and extremely useful about religious extremism and how to foster open minded dialogue.
Even Bush is on the case now: “Both sides ought to be properly taught . . . so people can understand what the debate is about … Part of education is to expose people to different schools of thought. . . . You’re asking me whether or not people ought to be exposed to different ideas, and the answer is yes.” This is a very insidious argument. Should we also teach people ptolemy’s ideas on astronomy as a “school of thought”?

I’ve seen some very interesting stuff recently about the relativity of time in consciousness. It confirms some things I’ve long suspected.
I noticed that I often appear to start listening to the noise of the fridge humming just about 3 seconds before it stops. This of course isn’t really possible, so what it points to is a time buffer in consciousness.
This is confirmed by recent experiments in neuroscience – here’s a transcript from a Reith Lecture by VS Ramachandran.
“So we’ve talked about hysterical patients with hysterical paralysis. Now let’s go back to normals and do a PET scan when you’re voluntarily moving your finger using your free will. A second to three-fourths of a second prior to moving your finger, I get the EEG potential and it’s called the Readiness Potential. It’s as though the brain events are kicking in a second prior to your actual finger movement, even though your conscious intention of moving the finger coincides almost exactly with the wiggle of the finger. Why? Why is the mental sensation of willing the finger delayed by a second, coming a second after the brain events kick in as monitored by the EEG? What might the evolutionary rationale be?
The answer is, I think, that there is an inevitable neural delay before the signal arising in the brain cascades through the brain and the message arrives to wiggle you finger. There’s going to be a delay because of neural processing – just like the satellite interviews on TV which you’ve all been watching. So natural selection has ensured that the subjective sensation of wiling is delayed deliberately to coincide not with the onset of the brain commands but with the actual execution of the command by your finger, so that you feel you’re moving it.
And this in turn is telling you something important. It’s telling you that the subjective sensations that accompany brain events must have an evolutionary purpose, for if it had no purpose and merely accompanied brain events – like so many philosophers believe (this is called epiphenomenalism) – in other words the subjective sensation of willing is like a shadow that moves with you as you walk but is not causal in making you move, if that’s correct then why would evolution bother delaying the signal so that it coincides with your finger movement?
So you see the amazing paradox is that on the one hand the experiment shows that free will is illusory, right? It can’t be causing the brain events because the events kick in a second earlier. But on the other hand it has to have some function because if it didn’t have a function, why would evolution bother delaying it? But if it does have a function, what could it be other than moving the finger? So maybe our very notion of causation requires a radical revision here as happened in quantum physics.”
The New Scientist recently carried an article which argued that our perception time is just one of many possibilities which happens to be evolutionarily advantageous. We could store up all events perceived and view them backwards, but this wouldn’t help us for example in catching a ball… (or a fly if we are a frog).

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I’m impressed with the British reaction to the bombings last week. There’s no hysteria – calls for bombing innocent people in far-off countries, wall-to-wall press coverage, and not too much exaggeration. There was a call at my office among the british to have some minutes silence for the victims, but (not to diminish their suffering but…) the guy in charge just said – we didn’t have a silence for the victims of the 2003 heatwave (30,000 of them) or the linate plane crash – so why this? – and we decided not to do it. I think the word *terror*ism is an important clue to how and why these things happen. With a relatively low cost action, a very small number of people cause practically a whole population to be terrified. In reality the chances of being hit by one of these guys in the average year is similar to winning a substantial amount of lottery money, dying in a road accident, and much less than a number of other risks kicking around. So well done to Blair for his life-goes-on stance.

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A bit of Java which should have been on some mailing list somewhere but wasn’t thereby causing me an afternoon of brainstrain – so here it is for googlers:

Continue reading “When do you hear the fridge stop: time in consciousness”

This seems to be quite a simple fact and I’ve heard statistics like this many times. But when I think about it, it doesn’t make a lot of sense. How do they know how many current marriages are going to end in divorce? If they’re taking a sample of marriages which have already ended, then that’s very misleading because all those people were married a rather long time ago. Are they perhaps taking a 10 year period to see who, of those who got married in that period, are already divorced. But then some of the people left over might also get divorced in the future.
Well – I did a bit of googling to find out what they actually mean by this. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics (part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), in 2001 the per capita marriage rate was 7.8 marriages per 1,000 people (0.78%). (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/divorce.htm) This means that for every 1,000 people living in the US, 7.8 marriages were performed during the year 2001, or 15.6 individuals got married. (http://www.divorcereform.org/rates.html) The divorce rate was 4.0 divorces per 1,000 people (0.40%), or 8.0 out of every 1,000 people got divorces during 2001. (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/divorce.htm)
So what it really means is – the number of divorces per capita is over half the number of marriages per capita. That possibly makes the statistic worse than it seems at first sight because the number of divorces is based on a smaller population (assuming the US population is increasing and the number of marriages is not going down – which it does not seem to be – see http://www.divorcereform.org/98-00divorces.html). It also doesn’t, as it appears to, give you likelihood for divorce for a current marriage, because the divorce rate now is for all people who got married in the last 65 years.

Some of the current moral dilemmas I face:

• Feeding meat to the cat and being a vegetarian
• Flying to the UK to see my parents and friends and other places for my job and polluting the planet while still wanting to stop global warming.
• Driving a car or C1 moped to work while still wanting to stop global warming

In the last few years, I’ve been reading biographies of some of the world’s nastiest people. Here are some I’ve been reading.

• Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris – Ian Kershaw
• Hitler, 1936-1945: Nemesis – Ian Kershaw
• Stalin – the court of the red Tsar – Simon Sebag Montefiore

I’m currently reading
Mao – the unknown story – Jung Chang (of Wild Swans fame) , John Halliday (her husband)
In the same vein, I’ve also read Gulag – a history of the soviet camps and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag Archipelago and various other books about the Gulag such as Evgenia Ginzburg’s accounts. (Do Michael Moore’s books come under the same heading?)
I’m not sure what is behind my fascination with the story of these people but if I give myself the benefit of the doubt, it’s perhaps to try to prepare myself for what to do if I found myself in the grip of that kind of regime – or in the worst possible situations in life (there but for the grace of god go I). Maybe it’s also to see how a human “tabula rasa” – a child brought up like most other people – can end up doing such terrible things.
The questions that always nag me are:
1. How could people let such a git get away with it?
2. How can one person exert control over millions/billions of people?
3. How come nobody assassinated them?
4. What is it in their upbringing or experiences that made them like that.
Some answers so far are:
1. They create a pyramid of trust – they surround themselves with people who they can trust and they choose people only on that basis. Those people do the same and the control permeates transitively down the chain of control.
2. They dump people in the muck by making them do horrible things so that if they try to duck out of it, or doubt the ideology they have to face what they did, which they can’t.
3. They mostly don’t have much contact with the results of their orders. So perhaps it’s their isolation from the reality of what they’re directing that allows them to do it. Having said that, Jung Chang says that Mao liked to go out in disguise and watch public executions. Stalin apparently loved to hear reports of how people reacted under torture. So that doesn’t seem such a good theory.
4. They control the media – so other people don’t realize what’s going on. It’s difficult for us to imagine in the west what it would be like to have no source of accurate information. The press is pretty trashy at times but it’s nothing like the propoganda of a state like that.
In my own experience, I’ve seen how corruption takes root. A boss has control over his subordinates – he has the power to hire and fire and ruin people’s livelihoods. If he’s being a bad person, you don’t like to blow the whistle because you think if it doesn’t work out, he’ll fire you – or at the very least he won’t give you that promotion you’ve been looking for. You look above your boss and you see the same structure – a tacit alliance. The boss’ boss will support the boss because he knows that if he lets someone blow the whistle on the boss, then someone will blow the whistle on him. And this goes right to the top – so you are entirely impotent.
Sometimes there’s even threats of violence involved – in Italy, the Mafia is alive and kicking.
I haven’t seen any Mafiosi first hand, but I’ve read Giovanni Falcone’s Cose di Cosa nostra (Stuff about Cosa Nostra). An incredible book for which (among other things) he was assassinated about a year after he wrote it.

Amazingly I read the an argument in the new scientist (it was one of those readers questions answered by readers) which claimed something like:
“because kinetic energy is 1/2m(v squared) (school physics), the faster you go, the more energy it takes by the square of your velocity. But distance increases linearly with velocity so that’s why it takes more energy to go faster ”
This is of course complete rubbish. If it were true then the earth would use up energy by travelling around space at high velocity. What this formula means is that it takes a certain amount of energy to accelerate an object to a certain speed. But of course you can potentially get that energy back again when you decelerate – that’s how some modern cars make efficiency gains when breaking – by absorbing the car’s kinetic energy back into a battery.
This is what I imagine the main reasons are:
1. You bob up and down more
2. Your efficiency is less because you have to cool yourself down a lot more which means pumping the blood around the arteries faster etc… and probably exceeding the body’s optimal temperature
3. Some chemical stuff about respiration

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Here’s a tip for hotels:
If you’re staying in one of those high rise city hotels where you can’t open the window but you’re supposed to use the air conditioning but it doesn’t work. If as a result of this you can’t sleep: take a bottle out of the fridge (one of the ones that costs a lot of money), put it against your wrists – it will cool your blood. It will take about 4 hours to warm up fully. When it does, you can take another one out. In the morning you can put them all back.

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Yesterday I did an interview for a job at ENISA. I’ll get the results in 2 weeks. If I got the job it would mean moving to Crete. More about it when I get the result.

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Question: what happens when you send a load of insurance executives to set up a holiday resort (taken in Switzerland – val versasca) – I’m sure they’ve got a good point of course and a lot of people do die in the river. It just struck me as something you’d never see in neighbouring Italy…

Has anyone noticed that if you put your finger in front of Paul Simon on the cover of a Bridge over Troubled Water, you are left with Garfunkel with a huge cossack moustache.

Is a book I enjoyed reading last weekend. Written from the perspective of a person with autistic tendencies (the blurb says Ashbergers but this is never explicitly mentioned and I don’t like labels anyway). I very rarely read novels (like the hero of the book) so it has to be brilliant if I do. This is mainly because I don’t like to create alternative fantasy realities because I do that enough of the time anyway.
I love the literalistic style and his very frank way of talking about things.

You can now make comments on this site easily because I’ve installed the human detector plugin (Scode). Thanks a lot to James Seng for that.
Also I’ve made a pact with my friend Tom Dyson that we’ll write at least one blog posting a week or give 10 Euro to a selected charity (barring holidays to be announced 1 week in advance). So there’ll be a few more posts. I’d like to mention that meta-posts such as “this is my post for the week” (and this post) don’t count. My chosen charities are – Oxfam ( for online donations, if Tom, like me is too lazy to put the cash in an envelope and post it) and Europa Terzo Mondo.
Finally as I’ve had a few requests for personal entries I might start breaking my policy of not mentioning anything personal on this blog.